Contents
Chapters
- Theoretical and Historical Perspective of Criminology
Perspective of Crime and Criminal
Sin and Crime
Definition of Deviance
Changing Concept of Crime
Definition of Crime
Legal Definition
Social Definition
The Criminal
Nature & Scope of Criminology
Criminology—Whether a Science
The Importance of Criminology (Scope of Criminology)
Role of Criminology in Public Policy
Relationship between Criminal Policy, Criminal Law & Criminology
Criminal Law
Origin of Criminal Law
Purposes of Criminal Law
Questions and Hints
- Crime Causation in the Context of General & Specific Offences
Prominent Criminological thought Currents
Pre-classical School
Classical School
Neo-classical School
Positive School
Realist Criminology (Radical Criminology)
Radical Criminology : State Criminology
Theories of Crime Causation
Individual Centric Causes
Society Centric Causes
Differential Association Theory of Sutherland
Social Disorganisation Theories
Social Disorganisation in India
Anomie Theory
Merton
Psychodynamic Theory
Economic Theories
Marxists Theory
Bonger’s Economic Theory of Criminality
Criticism of Bonger’s Theory
Mass Media, Internet World and Globalization
Social Institution and Criminality
Questions and Hints
- The Indian Crime Reality
Introduction
Cyber Crime: Definition
Cyber Crimes
Reasons for Cyber Crimes
Viruses
Stalking
Hacking
E-mail Spoofing
Cyber Terrorism
Trafficking
Palermo Protocol
Causes of Trafficking
Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation
Trafficking of Children
Human Trafficking in India
Trafficking in Organs
Drugs
Money Laundering
Cashing up
Captive Business
Money Laundering: The Indian Scenario
Existing Legal Framework to Curb Money Laundering in India
Irregular/Suspicious Transactions related to Money Laundering
Recovery of Black Money
Conclusion
Privileged Class Deviance/Corruption
The Concept of ‘Privileged Class Deviance’
Patterns of Privileged Class Deviance
Development-Crime Relationship
Post-Reform Crime Trends in India
Crime Statistics
Crime Statistics in India
General Crime Statistics 2011-2012
Table Showing Trend of Violent Crimes, Property Crimes and White Collar Crimes (1997-2002)
Questions and Hints
- Juvenile Delinquency
Introduction
Meaning, Definition and Concept of Juvenile Delinquency
Legal Definition
Problem of Juvenile Delinquency
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency
Growth of Juvenile Justice System in India
Juvenile Justice Act, 1986
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000
Preamble
Scheme of the Act
Salient Features of the Act
Important Provisions of the Act
Table: Comparison of the main features of the JJ (C&P) Act 2000 with the JJA 1986
After-care Programme
Some Other Provisions
Issue of Relevant date as a determination of age of the Juvenile
Nature and Extent of Juvenile Delinquency in India
Family Background
Educational Background
Economic Background
Provisions under other laws
Some Decisions
Case Laws
Questions and Hints
- Punishment and its Justification
Evolution of Punishment
Concept of Punishment
Theories of Punishment
Retribution Theory
Criticism
Deterrent Theory
Reformative Theory
Prevention
Types of Punishment
(1) Corporal Punishment
(2) Transportation
Imprisonment
Capital Punishment
Different Effect of Capital Punishment
Constitutional Validity of Capital Punishment
Limitations on Death Penalty
Evolvement of Law Relating to Death Sentence, in Nutshell
Certain Misperception with Regard to ‘Life Imprisonment’ Corrected
Probation
Origin
Probation in India
Legislative History of Probation Law in India
The Probation of Offenders Act, 1958
The Report of the Probation Officer
Advantage of Probation
Distinction between Probation and Suspended Sentence
Important Provisions of Probation of Offenders Act, 1958
An Overview of the Judicial Trend on Probation
Questions and Hints
- Female Criminality
Female Criminality
Crime by Women
Conclusion
Female Victimization
Major Explanations
Structural Conflict Perspective
Patriarchal Family Structure
Differential Sex-Role Socialization
Marriage, Domesticity and Captivity
Questions and Hints
- Victiomoloy
Main Reasons for Development of Victimology
Who are the Victims?
Persons vulnerable to Victimisation
Role of Victims
Victim Participation in Crime
Problems of the Victims
Compensation to the Victims of Crime
Legislative Initiatives
Enactment of ‘Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012’
Judicial Initiatives
Evaluating Victim Justice in India
Case Law
Questions & Hints
- Restitutive Justice
Introduction
What is Restitutive Justice?
Application
Process
Victim-offender mediation
Family group conferencing
Restitutive or Community Conferencing
- Indian Police and Prison System
Origin of Police
Police Force in India
Principles of Policing
Role of Police
Functions of Police
Police Structure and Organization in India
Police Strength in India
Difficulties of the Police in Investigation and Prosecution
Image of Police
Police and Abuse of Power
Police Torture and Custodial Deaths
Suggested Reforms
NHRC Guidelines on Police Public Relations
Indian Prison System
Prison Reform in India
Techniques Employed in Correctional Programmes
Jail Reforms Committee’s (1980-83) View on Classification of Prisoners
Problems in Indian Prison System
Suggestion for Prison Reform
Plea for Setting up Prison Panel
Prison Reforms
Prisoner’s Rights
Open Prisons
Questions & Hints
- White-Collar Crime
Causes of White-Collar Crimes
Implications of White-Collar Crimes
Rationalization of White-Collar Crimes and Sutherland’s Differential Association’ theory
Classification and Types of White-Collar Crimes
White-Collar Crimes in India
Hoarding, Profiteering and Black-Marketing of Essential Commodities
Violation of Foreign Exchange Regulation and Import and Export Act
Adulteration
Violation of Tax Laws
Corruption in Government and Politics
White-Collar Crimes in Professions
Black Money, Dirty Money and Money Laundering Techniques
Problem of Enforcement of Anti-White-Collar Legislation
Judicial Attitude
Remedial Measures
Crime Against Women
Crime Against Children
Questions and Hints
References
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